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PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
A. Attention is directed to the CONTRACT AND GENERAL CONDITIONS and all Sections within
DIVISION 01 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS which are hereby made a part of this Section of
the Specifications.
1.2 DESCRIPTION OF WORK
A. Work Included: Provide labor, materials, and equipment necessary to complete the work of
this Section, including but not limited to the following
1. Excavating, backfilling and compacting the Site as required to complete the Work shown
on the Drawings and as specified herein, including selective excavation as required to
expose and completely remove building foundations, slabs on grade, utilities, tunnels,
and other site features and appurtenances.
2. Preparing subgrades for landscaping.
3. Removal of underground utilities as applicable.
4. Subbase course for concrete pavements and equipment pads.
5. Subbase and base course for asphalt paving. 6. Excavating and backfilling for utility trenches and structures.
7. Removal of items covered by Section 012200 - UNIT PRICES as applicable.
8. Coordination and maintenance of safe path of travel for the public.
B. Alternates: Not Applicable.
C. Items To Be Installed Only: Not Applicable.
D. Items To Be Furnished Only: Not Applicable.
E. Related Work: The following items are not included in this Section and will be performed under
the designated Sections:
1. Section 31 2000 - EARTHWORK for soil materials, excavating, backfilling, and grading
for the building, structures, slabs on grade, walls and foundations.
2. Section 31 1000 - SITE CLEARING for site stripping, grubbing, stripping and stockpiling
topsoil, and removal of above- and below-grade improvements.
3. Section 31 2319 - DEWATERING for dewatering system for excavations.
4. Section 31 2500 - EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROLS for temporary erosion
and sedimentation control measures.
5. Section 31 5000 - EXCAVATION SUPPORT AND PROTECTION for temporary
excavation support and protection systems.
6. Section 31 6317 – GROUND IMPROVEMENTS for foundation and earthwork support
systems.
7. Division 02, 22, 23, and 26 Sections for installing underground mechanical and electrical
utilities and buried mechanical and electrical structures.
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8. Provision of waste management: Section 01 7419, Construction of Waste Management
Plan.
9. Provision of General LEED requirements and forms: 01 8113 Sustainable Design
Requirements.
1.3 UNIT PRICES
A. Unit prices for certain types of earthwork are included in Section 012200 - UNIT PRICES.
B. Rock Measurement: Volume of rock actually removed, measured in original position, but not to
exceed the following. Unit prices for rock excavation include replacement with approved
materials.
1.4 DEFINITIONS
A. Backfill: Soil material or controlled low-strength material used to fill an excavation.
1. Initial Backfill: Backfill placed beside and over pipe in a trench, including haunches to
support sides of pipe.
2. Final Backfill: Backfill placed over initial backfill to fill a trench.
B. Base Course: Course placed between the subbase course and hot-mix asphalt paving.
C. Bedding Course: Course placed over the excavated subgrade in a trench before laying pipe.
D. Borrow Soil: Satisfactory soil imported from off-site for use as fill or backfill.
E. Excavation: Removal of material encountered above subgrade elevations and to lines and
dimensions indicated.
1. Authorized Additional Excavation: Excavation below subgrade elevations or beyond
indicated lines and dimensions as directed by Designer. Authorized additional
excavation and replacement material will be paid for according to Contract provisions for unit prices.
2. Bulk Excavation: Excavation more than 10 feet in width and more than 30 feet in length.
3. Unauthorized Excavation: Excavation below subgrade elevations or beyond indicated
lines and dimensions without direction by the Architect. Unauthorized excavation, as well
as remedial work directed by the Architect, shall be without additional compensation.
F. Fill: Soil materials used to raise existing grades.
G. Rock: Rock material in beds, ledges, unstratified masses, conglomerate deposits, and
boulders of rock material that exceed 1 cu. yd. for bulk excavation or 3/4 cu. yd. for footing,
trench, and pit excavation that cannot be removed by rock excavating equipment equivalent to
the following in size and performance ratings, without systematic drilling, ram hammering,
ripping, or blasting, when permitted:
H. Structures: Buildings, footings, foundations, retaining walls, slabs, tanks, curbs, mechanical and electrical appurtenances, or other man-made stationary features constructed above or
below the ground surface.
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I. Subbase Course: Course placed between the subgrade and base course for hot-mix asphalt
pavement, or course placed between the subgrade and a cement concrete pavement or a
cement concrete or hot-mix asphalt walk.
J. Subgrade: Surface or elevation remaining after completing excavation, or top surface of a fill or
backfill immediately below subbase, drainage fill, or topsoil materials.
K. Utilities: On-site underground pipes, conduits, ducts, and cables.
1.5 SUBMITTALS
A. Product Data: For the following:
1. Each type of plastic warning tape.
2. Geotextile.
3. Controlled low-strength material, including design mixture.
4. A detailed construction sequence plan for project excavation indicating temporary
stockpile areas, side slopes of excavations, limits of any required temporary excavation
support and sequence and procedures for slope protection, subgrade protection,
excavation, concrete placement, moisture conditioning of on-site excavated soils used as
fill, filling, backfill and compaction.
B. Material Test Reports: From a qualified testing agency indicating and interpreting test results
for compliance of the following with requirements indicated:
1. Classification according to ASTM D 2487 of each on-site and borrow soil material
proposed for fill and backfill.
2. Laboratory compaction curve according to ASTM D 1557 for each onsite and borrow soil
material proposed for fill and backfill. 3. Test reports for compliance with ASTM D2940 requirements for subbase material.
4. Particle size Analysis in accordance with ASTM D422.
C. Pre-excavation Photographs and Videotape: Show existing conditions of adjoining construction
and site improvements, including finish surfaces, that might be misconstrued as damage
caused by earthwork operations. Submit before earthwork begins. Maintain catalog of up-to-
date photographs at the site.
D. Plan to Maintain Safe Path of Travel: Submit plans for maintaining safe paths of travel for the
general public during the entire project, including requirement for police details of necessary.
1.6 PROJECT CONDITIONS
A. Existing Utilities: Do not interrupt utilities serving facilities occupied by the Town of Yarmouth or
others unless permitted in writing by Architect and then only after arranging to provide
temporary utility services according to requirements indicated.
1. Notify the Town of Yarmouth not less than two days in advance of proposed utility
interruptions.
2. Do not proceed with utility interruptions without the Town of Yarmouth’s written
permission.
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3. Contact utility-locator service for area where Project is located before excavating.
B. Demolish and completely remove from site existing underground utilities indicated to be
removed. Coordinate with utility companies to shut off services if lines are active.
1.7 EXAMINATION OF SITE CONDITIONS AND DOCUMENTS
A. It is hereby understood that the Contractor has carefully examined the site and all conditions
affecting work under this Section. No claim for additional costs will be allowed because of lack
of full knowledge of existing conditions as indicated in the Contract Documents, or obvious from
observation at the Site
B. Plans, surveys, measurements, and dimensions under which the work is to be performed are
believed to be correct, but the Contractor shall have examined them for himself during the
bidding period, as no allowance will be made for any errors or inaccuracies that may be found
except as otherwise provided herein.
1.8 COORDINATION
A. Prior to start of earthwork, the Contractor shall arrange an onsite meeting with the Architect,
Engineer, the Geotechnical Engineer, and the testing agency for the purpose of establishing
the Contractor's schedule of operations, and scheduling observation and testing procedures and requirements.
B. As construction proceeds, the Contractor shall be responsible for notifying the Geotechnical
Engineer and the testing agency prior to the start of earthwork operations requiring observation
and/or testing.
C. The work of this Section shall be coordinated with that of other trades affecting, or affected by,
this work, as necessary to ensure the steady progress of all work of the Contract.
1.9 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS
A. Subsurface explorations have been performed at the site by the Geotechnical Engineer. The
results of the explorations are included in the geotechnical report prepared by.
B. The subsurface explorations and geotechnical report were performed primarily for use in
preparing the foundation design. Use and interpretation of these data for purposes of the work
shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. Subsurface conditions and groundwater levels are not considered as accurate for any times or locations other than the specific time and location
of each of the explorations.
C. Contractor may, at his own expense, conduct additional subsurface testing as required for his
own information after approval by the Owner.
D. The Contractor shall be responsible for determining the quantities of earth materials necessary
to complete the work under this Section. All earth materials shall be included in the Contractor's base bid.
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E. Information on subsurface conditions is made available for the convenience of the Bidders.
The Owner does not present the information to the Contractor as either an accurate or a
comprehensive indication of subsurface conditions. Bidders are invited to review the
information to apprise themselves of the information available, and also to make additional
investigations at their own expense.
F. No claim for extra cost or extension of time resulting from reliance by the Contractor on
information presented herein shall be allowed, except as provided in the Contract Documents.
1.10 PERMITS, CODES AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
A. Work shall conform to the Contract Drawings and Specifications and shall comply with
applicable codes and regulations. Present in writing to the Architect, all conflicts between the
Contract Drawings, Specifications, and applicable codes and regulations, for resolution before
commencing the Work.
B. Comply with all rules, regulations, laws and ordinances of the Town of Yarmouth and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and of all other authorities having jurisdiction. All labor,
materials, equipment and services necessary to make the work comply with such
requirements, shall be provided without additional cost to the Owner.
C. The Contractor shall not close any street, sidewalk or passageway except as indicated on the
Contract Drawings. The Contractor shall so conduct his operations as to interfere as little as
possible with the use ordinarily made of roads, driveways, sidewalks or other facilities near
enough to the work to be affected thereby.
D. The Contractor shall procure and pay for all permits and licenses required for the complete
work specified herein and shown on the Contract Drawings at no additional cost to the Owner. Arrange and pay for legal off-site disposal of all excess excavated materials, obtain proper
disposal receipts from the applicable disposal facility for verification.
E. Notify "Dig Safe" and the Owner before starting work; comply fully with utility company
requirements.
1.11 LAYOUT AND GRADES
A. The Contractor shall maintain and/or re-establish benchmarks and survey monuments shown on the Contract Drawings or found to exist on the site to provide a base reference for the
construction. Replace any that may become destroyed or disturbed. The Contractor shall
employ and pay all costs for a registered Civil Engineer or Surveyor who is licensed within the
jurisdiction of the project site to lay out all lines and grades in accordance with the Contract
Drawings and Specifications, and as necessary or required for the construction.
1.12 DISPOSITION OF EXISTING UTILITIES
A. Active utilities existing on the site shall be carefully protected from damage and relocated or
removed by others as specified in the Contract Documents. When an active utility line is
exposed during construction, its location and elevation shall be plotted on the record Contract
Drawings and both the Architect and Utility Owner notified in writing.
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B. Inactive or abandoned utilities encountered within the new building area during construction
operations shall be removed. The location of such utilities shall be noted on the record
Contract Drawings and reported in writing to the Architect.
C. In removing existing abandoned utilities within the new building area, the Contractor shall also
excavate all associated backfill material and replace with compacted Structural Fill.
1.13 DISPOSAL
A. The Contractor shall re-use on-site excavated soils on-site as Ordinary Fill as indicated below
and in section 2.1. Solid waste consisting of brick, concrete, asphalt, cobbles and boulders that
measure less than two cubic yards in volume shall become the property of the Contractor and
be legally disposed of off-site at no additional cost to the Owner. Excavated on-site soils which
are suitable for re-use at the time of excavation but become frozen or too wet for re-use due to
poor material handling practices shall be disposed of off-site and replaced as necessary at no
additional cost to the Owner.
B. Solid waste resulting from screening or culling operations shall become the property of the
Contractor and be legally disposed of off-site at no additional cost to the Owner.
1.14 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
A. The base bid lump sum price shall include all costs of whatever nature associated with the
content of this specification section and earthwork shown on the Contract Drawings including,
but not limited to: demolition and removal of existing abandoned utilities and associated
structures and appurtenances as indicated on the Contract Drawings, excavation for site
improvements, removal of existing subsurface obstructions, segregating and all screening
operations, stockpiling, handling and re-use of excavated materials, earthwork for paved areas, utilities, and site improvements, construction dewatering, off-site disposal of all solid waste,
placement and compaction of the specified fill materials in accordance with procedures
documented herein, loading of all materials to be disposed of off-site and trucking and disposal
of all Unregulated soil and solid waste.
B. The Contractor shall include in his lump sum price all costs associated with excavating all
existing fill, topsoil, subsoil and natural soil materials down to the surface of the design bearing strata consisting of the natural soil, followed by replacement with compacted fill as specified
herein
C. The Contractor shall include in his lump sum price all costs associated with segregating, culling
and screening operations required for rendering the on-site fill material suitable for reuse on
this project as Ordinary Fill material as defined herein.
D. If any part of the excavation is carried through error beyond the depth directed by the Architect and the dimensions indicated on the Contract Drawings, or called for in the Specifications, the
Contractor, at his own expense, shall furnish and install compacted Gravel Borrow, Crushed
Stone or lean concrete as directed by the Architect up to the required level and/or dimensions.
E. Compensation for all work required under this Section and not specifically covered elsewhere,
shall be included in the Contract Lump Sum Price for Earthwork. For purposes of adjusting the
scope of construction see the Unit Price Schedule.
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1.15 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
A. The Owner may retain and pay for the services of an independent testing agency to monitor
backfill operations and to perform field density tests, and a Geotechnical Engineer to
periodically observe the earthwork operations and observe the preparation of the subgrade for
paved areas, equipment pads, and utility trenches and structures. The geotechnical engineer
may from time to time request that the contractor excavate tests pits ahead of excavation to
confirm subsurface conditions.
B. The Contractor shall make provisions for allowing observations and testing of Contractor’s
Work by the Geotechnical Engineer and by the independent testing and inspection firm.
C. Costs related to retesting due to unacceptable quality of work and failures discovered by testing
shall be paid for by the Contractor at no additional expense to Owner, and the costs thereof will
be deducted by the Owner from the Contract Sum.
D. The Owner’s Geotechnical Consultant’s and/or Testing Agency’s presence does not include
supervision or direction of work by the Contactor, his/her employees or agents. Neither the
presence of the Owner’s Geotechnical Consultant and/or Testing Agency nor any observations
performed by him/her, or any notice or failure to give notice, shall excuse the Contractor from deficiencies in the work.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1 SOIL MATERIALS
A. General: Provide soil materials when sufficient satisfactory soil materials are not available from
on-site excavations.
B. Satisfactory Soils: ASTM D 2487 Soil Classification Groups GW, GP, GM, SW, SP, and SM or a combination of these groups; free of rock or gravel larger than 3 inches in any dimension,
debris, waste, frozen materials, vegetation, and other deleterious matter.
C. Unsatisfactory Soils: Soil Classification Groups GC, SC, CL, ML, OL, CH, MH, OH, and PT
according to ASTM D 2487, or a combination of these groups.
1. Unsatisfactory soils also include satisfactory soils not maintained within 2 percent of
optimum moisture content at time of compaction. 2. Onsite material for use in compacted fill shall be natural inorganic granular soil taken
from areas of cut after removal of pavement, topsoil, or other unsuitable materials.
Onsite materials should be tested for compliance with the specifications before and after
placement. Onsite materials with less than 40 percent fines and with maximum particle
size of 6 inches or less can be reused. Onsite materials that do not meet the gradation
requirements of the specification should be used in landscaped areas, relocated onsite if directed by the Owner, or disposed of offsite.
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D. Ordinary Fill shall consist of inert, hard, durable sand and gravel, free from ice and snow,
organic matter, clay, surface coatings, and deleterious materials, and shall have a plasticity
index of less than 6. Ordinary fill shall be placed in 12-inch loose lifts and shall conform to the
following gradation requirements:
Sieve Size Percent Passing By Weight
6-inches 100
1-inch 50-100
No. 4 20-100
No. 20 10-70
No. 60 5-45
No. 200 0-20
E. Crushed Stone shall consist of durable crushed rock or durable crushed gravel stone, free
from ice and snow, sand, clay, loam, or other deleterious material, conforming to SSHB,
Section M2.01.0 through M2.01.6 size as indicated on Drawings. Crushed stone shall be
uniformly blended and conform to the following gradation requirements.
Percent Passing By Weight
Sieve Size 1/2-Inch Stone 3/4-Inch Stone 1.5-Inch Stone
2 inches 100 100 100
1-1/2 inch 100 100 95-100
1 inch 100 100 35-70
3/4 inch 100 90-100 0-25 5/8 inch 100 --- ---
1/2 inch 85-100 10-50 ---
3/8 inch 15-45 0-20 ---
No. 4 0-15 0-5 ---
No. 8 0-5 --- ---
F. Subbase Material: Processed Gravel for subbase shall be naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed stone, and natural or crushed sand, meeting the
requirements of SSHB Processed Gravel for Subbase, Section M1.03.1, Type B
Sieve Size Percent Passing By Weight
3 inches 100
1-1/2 inches 70-100
3/4 inch 50-85 No. 4 30-60
No. 200 0-10
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G. Base Course: Dense Graded Crushed Stone for base course shall be naturally or artificially
graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed stone, and natural or crushed sand,
consisting of angular material, that is hard, durable and free from clay, loam or other plastic
material. Gradation shall conform to MHD Specification Designation, M2.01.7, and the
following:
Sieve Size Percent Passing By Weight
2 inches 100
1-1/2 inches 70-100
3/4 inch 50-85
No. 4 30-55
No. 50 8-24
No. 200 3-10
H. Sand shall consist of clean inert, hard, durable grains of quartz or other hard durable rock, free
from clay, organics, surface coatings or other deleterious material, confirming to SSHB Section
M1.04.1. Sand shall conform to the following gradation:
Sieve Size Percent Passing by Weight
1/2-inch 100
3/8-inch 85-100
No. 4 60-100
No. 16 35-80
No. 50 10-55 No. 100 2-10
I. Rip Rap shall be sound, durable rock which is angular in shape, confirming to SSHB, Section
M2.02.3. Rounded stones, boulders, sandstone or similar stone or relatively thin slabs will not
be acceptable. Each stone shall weigh not less than 50 pounds but not more than 125 pounds
and at least 75 percent of the volume shall consist of stones weighing not less than 75 pounds
each. The remainder of the stones shall be graded that when placed with the larger stones the entire mass will be compact.
2.2 GEOTEXTILES
A. Separation Geotextile: Woven geotextile fabric, manufactured for separation applications,
made from polyolefins or polyesters; with elongation less than 50 percent; complying with
AASHTO M 288 and the following, measured per test methods referenced:
1. Survivability: Class 2; AASHTO M 288. 2. Grab Tensile Strength: 247 lbf; ASTM D 4632.
3. Sewn Seam Strength: 222 lbf; ASTM D 4632.
4. Tear Strength: 90 lbf; ASTM D 4533.
5. Puncture Strength: 90 lbf; ASTM D 4833.
6. Apparent Opening Size: No. 60 sieve, maximum; ASTM D 4751.
7. Permittivity: 0.02 per second, minimum; ASTM D 4491.
8. UV Stability: 50 percent after 500 hours' exposure; ASTM D 4355.
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2.3 ACCESSORIES
A. Detectable Warning Tape: Acid- and alkali-resistant polyethylene film warning tape
manufactured for marking and identifying underground utilities, a minimum of 6 inches wide and
4 mils thick, continuously inscribed with a description of the utility, with metallic core encased in
a protective jacket for corrosion protection, detectable by metal detector when tape is buried up
to 30 inches deep; colored as follows:
1. Red: Electric.
2. Yellow: Gas, oil, steam, and dangerous materials.
3. Orange: Telephone and other communications.
4. Blue: Water systems.
5. Green: Sewer systems.
2.4 USE OF MATERIALS
A. Use of materials shall be as described below and as shown in the Drawings.
B. Ordinary Fill: Use Ordinary Fill as general site fill outside of the new building footprint area for
embankments, landscaping, and beneath Processed Gravel for Subbase in paved areas where
specified material such as Crushed Stone, Structural Fill, Crushed Stone and Sand are not indicated.
C. Crushed Stone - Use crushed stone as indicated on the Drawings.
D. Processed Gravel - Use for Subbase under paved areas.
E. Dense Graded Crushed Stone - Use for base under paved areas.
F. Sand – Use sand for bedding for utility bedding, setting bed for concrete block pavers, and as
indicated elsewhere on the drawings
G. Rip Rap – To be used at outlet pipes at flared end sections, emergency overflow at surface
basin, and as indicated elsewhere on the drawings.
H. Filter Fabric/Geotextiles- To be used as filter barriers at transition between soil and crushed
stone, or other materials to assist in stabilizing soil subgrades, and as indicated elsewhere on
the drawings. The edges of the fabric should be overlapped a minimum of one foot.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1 PREPARATION
A. Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from damage caused by
settlement, lateral movement, undermining, washout, and other hazards created by earthwork
operations.
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B. Preparation of subgrade for earthwork operations including removal of vegetation, topsoil,
debris, obstructions, and deleterious materials from ground surface is specified in Section 31
1000 - SITE CLEARING.
C. Protect and maintain erosion and sedimentation controls, which are specified in Section 31
1000 - SITE CLEARING, during earthwork operations.
D. Provide protective insulating materials to protect subgrades and foundation soils against
freezing temperatures or frost.
3.2 DEWATERING
A. Prevent surface water and ground water from entering excavations, from ponding on prepared
subgrades, and from flooding Project site and surrounding area. Dispose of contaminated
water in accordance with regulations of authorities having jurisdiction.
B. Protect subgrades from softening, undermining, washout, and damage by rain or water
accumulation.
1. Reroute surface water runoff away from excavated areas. Do not allow water to
accumulate in excavations. Do not use excavated trenches as temporary drainage ditches.
2. Install a dewatering system to keep subgrades dry and convey ground water away from excavations. Maintain until dewatering is no longer required.
3.3 EXPLOSIVES
A. Explosives: Do not use explosives.
3.4 EXCAVATION, GENERAL
A. Unclassified Excavation: Excavate to subgrade elevations regardless of the character of
surface and subsurface conditions encountered. Unclassified excavated materials may include rock, soil materials, and obstructions. No changes in the Contract Sum or the Contract Time
will be authorized for rock excavation or removal of obstructions.
1. If excavated materials intended for fill and backfill include unsatisfactory soil materials
and rock, replace with satisfactory soil materials.
2. Remove rock to lines and grades indicated to permit installation of permanent
construction without exceeding the following dimensions:
a. 24 inches outside of concrete forms other than at footings.
b. 12 inches outside of concrete forms at footings.
c. 6 inches outside of minimum required dimensions of concrete cast against grade.
d. Outside dimensions of concrete walls indicated to be cast against rock without
forms or exterior waterproofing treatments.
e. 6 inches beneath bottom of concrete slabs on grade. f. 6 inches beneath pipe in trenches, and the greater of 24 inches wider than pipe or
42 inches wide.
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3.5 EXCAVATION FOR STRUCTURES
A. Excavate to indicated elevations and dimensions within a tolerance of plus or minus 1 inch If
applicable, extend excavations a sufficient distance from structures for placing and removing
concrete formwork, for installing services and other construction, and for inspections.
1. Excavations for Footings and Foundations: Do not disturb bottom of excavation.
Excavate by hand to final grade just before placing concrete reinforcement. Trim bottoms
to required lines and grades to leave solid base to receive other work.
2. Pile Foundations: Stop excavations 6 to 12 inches above bottom of pile cap before piles
are placed. After piles have been driven, remove loose and displaced material.
Excavate to final grade, leaving solid base to receive concrete pile caps.
3. Excavation for Underground Tanks, Basins, and Mechanical or Electrical Utility
Structures: Excavate to elevations and dimensions indicated within a tolerance of plus or
minus 1 inch. Do not disturb bottom of excavations intended as bearing surfaces.
3.6 EXCAVATION FOR WALKS AND PAVEMENTS
A. Excavate surfaces under walks and pavements to indicated lines, cross sections, elevations,
and subgrades.
3.7 EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY TRENCHES
A. Excavate trenches to indicated gradients, lines, depths, and elevations.
1. Beyond building perimeter, excavate trenches to allow installation of top of pipe below
frost line.
B. Excavate trenches to uniform widths to provide the following clearance on each side of pipe or
conduit. Excavate trench walls vertically from trench bottom to 12 inches higher than top of pipe or conduit, unless otherwise indicated.
1. Clearance: 12 inches each side of pipe or conduit.
C. Trench Bottoms: Excavate and shape trench bottoms to provide uniform bearing and support
of pipes and conduit. Shape subgrade to provide continuous support for bells, joints, and
barrels of pipes and for joints, fittings, and bodies of conduits. Remove projecting stones and
sharp objects along trench subgrade.
1. For pipes and conduit less than 6 inches in nominal diameter and flat-bottomed, multiple-
duct conduit units, hand-excavate trench bottoms and support pipe and conduit on an
undisturbed subgrade.
2. For pipes and conduit 6 inches or larger in nominal diameter, shape bottom of trench to
support bottom 90 degrees of pipe circumference. Fill depressions with tamped sand
backfill. 3. Excavate trenches 6 inches deeper than elevation required in rock or other unyielding
bearing material to allow for bedding course.
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3.8 SUBGRADE INSPECTION
A. Notify Designer when excavations have reached required subgrade.
B. If Designer determines that unsatisfactory soil is present, continue excavation and replace with
compacted backfill or fill material as directed.
C. Proof-roll subgrade below the building slabs and pavements with heavy pneumatic-tired
equipment to identify soft pockets and areas of excess yielding. Do not proof-roll wet or
saturated subgrades.
1. Completely proof-roll subgrade in one direction, repeating proof-rolling in direction
perpendicular to first direction. Limit vehicle speed to 3 mph.
2. Proof-roll with a loaded 10-wheel, tandem-axle dump truck weighing not less than 15
tons.
3. Excavate soft spots, unsatisfactory soils, and areas of excessive pumping or rutting, as
determined by Designer, and replace with compacted backfill or fill as directed.
D. Reconstruct subgrades damaged by freezing temperatures, frost, rain, accumulated water, or
construction activities, as directed by Designer, without additional compensation.
3.9 UNAUTHORIZED EXCAVATION
A. Fill unauthorized excavation under foundations or wall footings by extending bottom elevation
of concrete foundation or footing to excavation bottom, without altering top elevation. Lean
concrete fill, with 28-day compressive strength of 2500 psi may be used when approved by
Designer.
1. Fill unauthorized excavations under other construction or utility pipe as directed by
Designer.
3.10 STORAGE OF SOIL MATERIALS
A. Stockpile borrow soil materials and excavated satisfactory soil materials without intermixing.
Place, grade, and shape stockpiles to drain surface water. Cover to prevent windblown dust.
1. Stockpile soil materials away from edge of excavations. Do not store within drip line of
remaining trees.
2. Stockpile soil materials in a location, acceptable to the Town of Yarmouth Project Manager, that will preclude having to relocate stockpiled soil materials that would
otherwise delay or impact the Work.
3.11 BACKFILL
A. Place and compact backfill in excavations promptly, but not before completing the following:
1. Construction below finish grade including, where applicable, subdrainage, dampproofing,
waterproofing, and perimeter insulation. 2. Surveying locations of underground utilities for Record Documents.
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3. Testing and inspecting underground utilities.
4. Removing concrete formwork.
5. Removing trash and debris.
6. Removing temporary shoring and bracing, and sheeting.
7. Installing permanent or temporary horizontal bracing on horizontally supported walls.
B. Place backfill on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.
3.12 UTILITY TRENCH BACKFILL
A. Place backfill on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.
B. Place and compact bedding course on trench bottoms and where indicated. Shape bedding
course to provide continuous support for bells, joints, and barrels of pipes and for joints, fittings,
and bodies of conduits.
C. Backfill trenches excavated under footings and within 18 inches of bottom of footings with
satisfactory soil; fill with concrete to elevation of bottom of footings. Concrete is specified in
Section 03 3000 - CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE.
D. Provide 4-inch- thick, concrete-base slab support for piping or conduit less than 30 inches
below surface of roadways. After installing and testing, completely encase piping or conduit in a minimum of 4 inches of concrete before backfilling or placing roadway subbase.
E. Place and compact initial backfill of subbase material free of particles larger than 1 inch in any
dimension, to a height of 12 inches over the utility pipe or conduit.
1. Carefully compact initial backfill under pipe haunches and compact evenly up on both
sides and along the full length of utility piping or conduit to avoid damage or displacement
of piping or conduit. Coordinate backfilling with utilities testing.
F. Backfill voids with satisfactory soil while installing and removing shoring and bracing.
G. Place and compact final backfill of satisfactory soil to final subgrade elevation.
H. Install warning tape directly above utilities, 12 inches below finished grade, except 6 inches
below subgrade under pavements and slabs.
3.13 SOIL FILL
A. Plow, scarify, bench, or break up sloped surfaces steeper than 1 vertical to 4 horizontal so fill material will bond with existing material.
B. Place and compact fill material in layers to required elevations as follows:
1. Under grass and planted areas, use satisfactory soil material.
2. Under walks and pavements, use satisfactory soil material.
3. Under steps and ramps, use engineered fill.
4. Under building slabs, use engineered fill. 5. Under footings and foundations, use engineered fill.
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C. Place soil fill on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.
3.14 SOIL MOISTURE CONTROL
A. Uniformly moisten or aerate subgrade and each subsequent fill or backfill soil layer before
compaction to within 2 percent of optimum moisture content.
1. Do not place backfill or fill soil material on surfaces that are muddy, frozen, or contain
frost or ice.
2. Remove and replace or scarify and air dry otherwise satisfactory soil material that
exceeds optimum moisture content by 2 percent and is too wet to compact to specified
dry unit weight.
3. Overly wet soils are to be dried out and overly dry soils are to have moisture added to
achieve the specified moisture content and retested.
3.15 COMPACTION OF SOIL BACKFILLS AND FILLS
A. Place backfill and fill soil materials in layers not more than 8 inches in loose depth for material
compacted by heavy compaction equipment, and not more than 4 inches in loose depth for
material compacted by hand-operated tampers.
B. Place backfill and fill soil materials evenly on all sides of structures to required elevations, and uniformly along the full length of each structure.
C. Compact soil materials to not less than the following percentages of maximum dry unit weight
according to ASTM D 1557:
1. Under structures, building slabs, steps, and pavements, scarify and recompact top 12
inches of existing subgrade and each layer of backfill or fill soil material at 95 percent;
and areas within 10 feet of structures, building slabs, steps, and pavements at 92 percent.
2. Under walkways, scarify and recompact top 6 inches below subgrade and compact each
layer of backfill or fill soil material at 92 percent.
3. Under lawn or unpaved areas, scarify and recompact top 6 inches below subgrade and
compact each layer of backfill or fill soil material at 85 percent.
4. For utility trenches, compact each layer of initial and final backfill soil material at 85 percent.
3.16 GRADING
A. General: Uniformly grade areas to a smooth surface, free of irregular surface changes.
Comply with compaction requirements and grade to cross sections, lines, and elevations
indicated.
1. Provide a smooth transition between adjacent existing grades and new grades. 2. Cut out soft spots, fill low spots, and trim high spots to comply with required surface
tolerances.
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B. Site Grading: Slope grades to direct water away from buildings and to prevent ponding. Finish
subgrades to required elevations within the following tolerances:
1. Lawn or Unpaved Areas: Plus or minus 1 inch.
2. Walks: Plus or minus 1 inch.
3. Pavements: Plus or minus 1/2 inch.
C. Grading inside Building Lines: Finish subgrade to a tolerance of 1/2 inch when tested with a
10-foot straightedge.
3.17 SUB DRAINAGE
A. Subdrain: Place subsurface drainage geotextile around perimeter of subdrainage trench.
Place a 6-inch course of filter material on subsurface drainage geotextile to support
subdrainage pipe. Encase subdrainage pipe in a minimum of 12 inches of filter material,
placed in compacted layers 6 inches thick, and wrap in subsurface drainage geotextile,
overlapping sides and ends at least 6 inches.
1. Compact each filter material layer to 85 percent of maximum dry unit weight according to
ASTM D 1557.
B. Drainage Backfill: Place and compact filter material over subsurface drain, in width indicated, to within 12 inches of final subgrade, in compacted layers 6 inches thick. Overlay drainage
backfill with 1 layer of subsurface drainage geotextile, overlapping sides and ends at least 6
inches.
1. Compact each filter material layer to 85 percent of maximum dry unit weight according to
ASTM D 1557.
2. Place and compact impervious fill over drainage backfill in 6-inch-thick compacted layers to final subgrade.
3.18 SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES
A. Place subbase and base course on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.
B. On prepared subgrade, place subbase and base course under pavements and walks as follows:
1. Install separation geotextile on prepared subgrade according to manufacturer's written
instructions, overlapping sides and ends. 2. Place base course material over subbase course under hot-mix asphalt pavement.
3. Shape subbase and base course to required crown elevations and cross-slope grades.
4. Place subbase and base course 6 inches or less in compacted thickness in a single
layer.
5. Place subbase and base course that exceeds 6 inches in compacted thickness in layers
of equal thickness, with no compacted layer more than 6 inches thick or less than 3 inches thick.
6. Compact subbase and base course at optimum moisture content to required grades,
lines, cross sections, and thickness to not less than 95 percent of maximum dry unit
weight according to ASTM D 1557.
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C. Pavement Shoulders: Place shoulders along edges of subbase and base course to prevent
lateral movement. Construct shoulders, at least 12 inches wide, of satisfactory soil materials
and compact simultaneously with each subbase and base layer to not less than 95 percent of
maximum dry unit weight according to ASTM D 1557.
3.19 DRAINAGE COURSE
A. Place drainage course on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.
B. On prepared subgrade, place and compact drainage course under cast-in-place concrete
slabs-on-grade as follows:
1. Install subdrainage geotextile on prepared subgrade according to manufacturer's written
instructions, overlapping sides and ends.
2. Compact each layer of drainage course to required cross sections and thicknesses to not
less than 95 percent of maximum dry unit weight according to ASTM D 1557.
3.20 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
A. Independent Testing Agency: Cooperate with the Independent Testing Agency engaged by the
Town of Yarmouth for field quality control activities for the Work of this Section. Refer also to
Section 01 4325 - TESTING AGENCY SERVICES.
B. Cooperate with field quality control personnel.
C. Additional inspections and retesting of materials which fail to comply with specified material and
installation requirements shall be performed at Contractor's expense.
D. Allow testing agency to inspect and test subgrades and each fill or backfill layer. Proceed with
subsequent earthwork only after test results for previously completed work comply with
requirements.
E. Footing Subgrade: At footing subgrades, at least one test of each soil stratum will be
performed to verify design bearing capacities. Subsequent verification and approval of other
footing subgrades may be based on a visual comparison of subgrade with tested subgrade
when approved by Designer.
F. Testing agency will test compaction of soils in place according to ASTM D 1556, ASTM D 2167,
ASTM D 2922, and ASTM D 2937, as applicable. Tests will be performed at the following locations and frequencies:
1. Paved and Building Slab Areas: At subgrade and at each compacted fill and backfill
layer, at least 1 test for every 2000 sq. ft. or less of paved area or building slab, but in no
case fewer than 3 tests.
2. Foundation Wall Backfill: At each compacted backfill layer, at least 1 test for each 100
feet or less of wall length, but no fewer than 2 tests. 3. Trench Backfill: At each compacted initial and final backfill layer, at least 1 test for each
150 feet or less of trench length, but no fewer than 2 tests.
4. Fields: At subgrade and at each compacted fill and backfill layer, at least 1 test for every
2000 sq. ft. or less of area, but in no case fewer than 3 tests.
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5. Playground Protective Surfacing: At subgrade and at each compacted fill and backfill
layer, at least 1 test for every 2000 sq. ft. or less of area, but in no case fewer than 3
tests.
G. When testing agency reports that subgrades, fills, or backfills have not achieved degree of
compaction specified, scarify and moisten or aerate, or remove and replace soil to depth
required; recompact and retest until specified compaction is obtained.
H. Notify the Independent Testing Agency a minimum of 72 hours prior to start of earthwork
operations, to comply with Code requirement that a registered design professional be present
at all times during backfill to assure adequate compaction with no bridging effects.
3.21 PROTECTION
A. Protecting Graded Areas: Protect newly graded areas from traffic, freezing, and erosion. Keep
free of trash and debris.
B. Repair and reestablish grades to specified tolerances where completed or partially completed
surfaces become eroded, rutted, settled, or where they lose compaction due to subsequent
construction operations or weather conditions.
1. Scarify or remove and replace soil material to depth as directed by Designer; reshape and recompact.
C. Where settling occurs before Project correction period elapses, remove finished surfacing,
backfill with additional soil material, compact, and reconstruct surfacing.
1. Restore appearance, quality, and condition of finished surfacing to match adjacent work,
and eliminate evidence of restoration to greatest extent possible.
3.22 DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND WASTE MATERIALS
A. Disposal: Remove surplus satisfactory soil and waste material, including unsatisfactory soil,
trash, and debris, and legally dispose of it off the User Agency's property.
END SECTION