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Home My WebLink AboutUSGS Soil MAP3-2857 (RFR_4.25.23)U.S- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Prepared in cooperation with the SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP I-2857 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Ground -Water Recharge Areas and Traveltimes to Pumped Wells, Ponds, Streams, and Coastal Water Bodies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts -PLATE - Walter, D.A., Masterson, JP, and Hess, KM, 2004 42°05'OT Q N rs 7a° z I I eta MASSACHUSETIS � I I 0 50MILES 41•an' - 0 50 KILOMETERS C:IPECOD Bal- x - .11ARTF1d'S HNEE LIM SOUND 0 4 8 MILES E0Mr� 0 4 8 KILOMETERS re ATL IAT/C OCE-V �l so eastern '� N.4ATf:CI:BT SOU,4D EXPLANATION -.°- LIKE OF EQUAL SIMULATED WATER- TABLEAL'IITUDE, PI FEETABOVE NGVD 29. CONTOURHTIERVAL IS VARIABLE Figu 1. Location of freshwater lenses on Cape Cod, Massachusetts d in and simulated water table, Cape Cod is locate Massachusetts and is surrounded by saltwater bodies. Its aquifer system consists of six hydraulically distinct freshwater -flow lenses. Al EXPLANATION TRAVELTIME, IN YEARS ;-f Less than 10 10 to less than 20 20 to less than 30 30 to less than 40 40 to less than 50 - :- 50 to less than 100 Greater than or equal to 100 Area Not Modeled /LINE OF EQUAL SIM[UI.ATED WATER -TABLE ALTITUDE, IN FEET ABOVE NGVD 29. CONTOUR INTERVAL IS VARIABLE (^.:-L CA Ay�L 'i •� LOCUS o\ f- \ � y":ter..- •- � �� ••. ••• 1 1 4 �i, / '"Lsy J_y .-,a � �'�:.9�,;�t Z7:,• ram`'£% Figure 7. Ground -water traveltimes from the water table to discharge locations at pumped wells, ponds, streams, and coastal water bodies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The pattern of traveltimes is determined by the locations of wells natural hydrologic boundaries (ponds, streams and coastal water bodies and round -water divides. About (P , ). 9 half of the ground water reaches a discharge location within 10 years of being recharged. Traveltimes exceed 100 years near ground -water divides where recharged water flows deep in the aquifer before discharging. �� hL4RTHA S VINEYARD SOUND 0 2 4 MILES 0 2 4KHAMEIERS I) pEC- C / Bourne i i 1 if I / C� ii - Ira science for a changing world Falmouth 1t ,1 • Sandwich MARTHA'S VINEY4RD SOUND Provincetown r /Pilgrim l%%oaomoy /Nauset �a 110.6 09 MgaUd ^yes ��>1a / Pamet 190 �a Chequesset 24.2 M9�d Sagamore 269.2 MgaUd Figure 2. Average ground -water flow through the six freshwater lenses composing the Cape Cod aquifer, in million gallons per day (MgaVd). The grout Sagamore flow lens accounts for about 60 percent of total water flow through the Cape Cod aquifer. Table freshwate Barnstable Harbor Watershed (See ftgure 4) • Barnstable - •. - �� _ -_ `� n PP Po onesset B a1' Watershed (See figure S) Truro e i W Ilfl eat include Massachusetts EXPLANATION RECHARGE AREAS nllantic Ocean Bu0,ards Bay Cape Cod Bay Cape Cod Canal Nantucket and Martha's Ymeyard Sounds Inland Estuaries Streams Ponds Pumped Wells Area Not Modeled `- TOWN BOUNDARY WATERSHED BOUNDARY • (F4gutrs 4 and 5) - •- -PUMPED WELL CAFE BAY y ze ., Orleans 'l OT'.- yam,; Brewster\� l- ..,• ell) f v f ` Dennis Yarmouth - C Dr Chatham '1 I' - Harwich OWc. NA_NTUCIiET SOUND �( RECHARGE E Est R h Precipitation A 1 I r •- p Sire°Rl E• y p Land Surface A • c 1 • B ' i tiaWe��' � ' :'� '-_tut Was. Estuary 1 - �' :' f_ VCat +arn ;w o a t Pe r ab h r. O O r9 R .. .. E: ': :-':i7� �`�rovndVif2t Jrirt�tflci: i:. :'-: c.': pN l if CI11 1 A ....:_ _ % r:z 'rt, :1, I!i; ` ! ;l:�riz !ii i ' She,alt Wxmlbsc°b Figure 3. Vertical ground -water -flow patterns and resultant recharge areas to ponds, streams, pumped wells, and estuaries, typical on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The diagram illustrates conceptual models of vertical -flow patterns near hydrologic boundaries and how these flow patterns relate to recharge areas. Recharge areas to estuaries vary from simple cases in which recharge water flows directly from the water table to the estuary, to more complex cases in which water flows sequentially through ponds and streams before entering the estuary as surface -water inflow. Inlrodttction The coastal waters of Cape Cod, Massachusetts modeling software SEAWAT (Gou and Laingevm, 2002) to bodies, because subsurface aoenuatim mitigates the amount Harbaugh, A.W. Bunn. ER, HILL MC_ and McDonald, M.G., (fig. 1), are important economic and recreational simulate ground -water flow and to represent the dynamic of nitrogen originating Gam a source area thatmaches an 2000. MODFLOW-2W0, The US Geological Survey modular resources for the re -on In addition to tidal exchanges of position of the freshwater/saltwater interface. Detailed "Larry. ground-watermodel-User guide m modu arization concepts g and the gerund -water flow Prauss: U.S. Geologic Survey saltwater, coastal waters receive freshwater from both da:u�niation of the models, including descriptions of model Tmveltis in the Cape Cod aquifer range from essentially Open -File Repot 2000-92. 127 Jr. designand calibmd are included in Walter and Wheaton ero in s adjacent to discharge locations to mom than surface -and grotmd-wafer inflows. Marine and estuarineO°' a ( areas l diva ) 2f104 and Masterson 2004. I ( ) ( ) W tear Ind-wmhaagc locations) auras generally th Department outheastemMPmtecde 2005 entsm es ( f Th ecosystems are adversel effected b excessive nitrogen Years tiro gr Y ep °. Y Y The particle-t l'ng algorithm MODPATH (Pollock, greater distances from discharge loatiws)(fig 7)with a Pmyeet SouWeastem Massachusetts Embayments inputs associated with development and urbartizalion 1994) was used to simulate advective transport in the aquifer, median of about 10 years The locations of natural hydrologic Restoration, accessed August 27, 2004. m within the fieshwater recharge amas to coastal water to delineate the areas at the water table that contribute water to boundaries hupJ/wwwinws gov/dnp/smerp/ (ponds, strmams, and coastal water bodies) and bodies. lnnea5es in nitrogen, which originate from coastal and freshwater bodies, and to estimate total uaveltimes regional ground -water divides aff t the regional parent of Masmrsoa. JP_ 2004, Simulated interaction between freshwater anlhropogwic sot aces, such as wastewater and fertilizers, of water from fire water table to discharge locations. Cell -by- tiaveltinss. Auras of the water table wbere recharged water and salwatrrand effects ofgmuod-water pumping and sea Can Cause eutrophication in coastal waters. cell flow infmmuion Gom the model simulators was used in discharges to a pond, stream, or coastal water body within 10 level ebaw, Lower Cate Cad aquifer system, Ma�ah°sett Eulroptucalion is associated with enhanced growth of MODPATH to calculate flaw -velocity vectors within model years of recharge account for about 51 percent of the total U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report undesvable algae and the loss of important marine cells. The post -processing software suite MODTOOIS (Grzol, recharge area on Cape Cod (fig. 7). These areas am adjacent 2001-5014, 72 p. habitats. Cmrenty (2004), eutrophicadon has adversely 1997) was used to convert infonnadw from the models and to ponds, streams, and the coast. Most travehfmes exceeding Masterson. JP., Stone, BD., Walter, DA, and Savoie, Jennifer, affected various coastal water bodies on Cape Cod. The MODPATH to geomtereoced dam layers to he used in a 100 years am near regional groond-water divides as illustrated 1997, Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, effecm an increase in We magnitude and geographical information system. by the configuration of the water table (fig. 7). In some cases Massachusetts: U.S. Geologic Survey Hydrologic frequency of algal blooms, a decrease in water clarity, water that recharges the aquifer near a coastal water body or Arias HA-741, scale I30,000, 1 sheet Recharge Areas imam in the vicinity of a local ground water divide can haw and a loss of eelg[anS beds. Oldie, Races Imprints, Cape Cod and rides island The geologic sorry: Cammanities on Cape Cod are taking measures to Water from precipitation mcharges the aquifer and then a travltime longer than 100 years. Pamnsms Impriaw, East Odious, Massachusem, 205 p. miff ale We rlisch a of nitrogen within the recharge flows through the aquifer to the receiving surface -water 8 ' g body -a pond. stream, or coastal water body--ur to a pumped Conclusions Oldale, RN_ and O'Hara. CJ, 1994, Glariouviordc origin of areas to coastal water bodies at risk for nitrogen -related the Massachusetts coastal end mararces and a Fluctuating well. The area at the water table through which water Embroiling niaogendoad-mg rates to coastal water bodies lye Wismnsivav i Geological Society enirophication. The Massachusetts Department of LC95, p.6 8wul ty °f recharges and ultimately discharges to the surface -water body requites w understanding of the recharge areas to the water America Bulletin, v. 95, p.61-74. EnvhrohumwW Protection (MDEP), m association with is the recharge area to that surface -water body. A recharge area bodies. This understanding includes (1) the locations of areas the University of Massachusetts -Dartmouth School of contributes water to a coastal warm body ebha dumrgh direct contributing recbaige to a cuasw waterbody, (2J the Octal. LJ-., 1997, Users guide f MOD1WIs--computer Marine Silence and Technology, has initialed the ground -water discharge or through discharge m a stream that tmveldmcv of water through the aquifer between the water- programs fur trmsWing dya of MODFLOW and MODPATH Estuaries Project (MEP) (Massachusetts flows into the coastal water body- In d-water-dominated table me man geographic intervention systems files: y gmun barge and rids ands locations, and both r the recharge of U.S. Geologic Survey Open -File Report 97-240, 86 p. Deparimem of Environmenrl Protecfion, 2004) to assist systems, such as Cape Cod, surface drainages, as defined by surface watersyeonds and streamsr.. both recharge areas total communities in developing sound nitrogen- topography, cannot be used to delineate areas at the land and traveltimes. Recharge areas to coastal water bodies on Pollock, D.W. 1994, Users guide for MODPATIHMODPATH- management siraregies; the MEP also includes surface that contribute water to a surface -vent" body- Instead, Cape Cad are dominated by grotmd-wafer flow; surface PLOT: version 3-A particle t. ding post-pmassing package regional and local agencies, web as the Cape Cod the ground-water-reduage area is the wazersbed to the surface- drainages, as dehand by topography, cannot be used to f MODFWIV me U.S. Geolagid Survey finite-0iffereoce ag aP gmwepome 4464, 2 del: US. Geological survey water body. delineate auras az the land surface that contribute water to a Commissiun (CCC). Y Fde Repo¢94-464, 248 p. The MEP evaluates the currant status of wasrl water In simple cases, the ivehargn area to a coastal water body coastal wares body, Delineating recharge areas under such bodies in southeastem Massachusetts in and to watedu only areas that cwtribum mcharpt ally my from the flow regimes requires evaluation of three-dimensional ground- Uch Into Dar. ,nary c G.S, and Aubrey, D.G., Mass The � water table. This case is illustrated conceptually in Figure 3, unties-Oow parents; in the aquifu. Ground -water -flow paztems late Quaternary construction of Cape Cod, Massachusetts: nitrogen -related health and collects data needed to where freshwater inflow to Estuary t originates only from an Cape Cod are affected primarily by the geometry of the A rexon sidemtion of the W.M. Davis uodel: Geological A.. TOrI It4mdmum Daily Loads CI'MD") of ground water recharged at the water table; ground wain coast and the locations of ponds and streams. As a result, Society of America Special Paper 309,69 Jr. nitrogen to the coastal water bodies, Because the TMDIs recharged at point A flows direcdy into Estuary 1. In mom recharge areas to coastal water bodies consist of multiple Walter, DA , and Whealmt, AT 2084. Simulated water sources provide a target nitrogen load based on consistent complex cases, as illustrated by the recharge area of Estuary 2 components and live complex Imveltime patens. and effects of pumping to wells and surface wyers, scientific methods. communities will use them to guide an figure 3, the total recharge area to that estuary includes four Sagamore and Monomoy now ]eases, Cape Cod. lmplemenrtiw of wastewater.management strategies to distinct subareas: (1) the area (point B) eonm-buting shallow fj•(er�,ps Cited Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey IEdUCe nitrogen IOailing in the recharge areas. A nitrogen ground water directly to the estuary. (2.) the area (point C) that Scientific Investigation Repot 2004-518L 85 p. TMDL is tan e51IIDalC of the maximum nitrogen flux a contributes ground water to a sm:arL which in tore discharges Our, Wcxrng, and Iangevio, CD, 2002, Users guide to SRAWAT: fresh surface water to the estuary, (3J the area that contributes A computer program for simulation of three-dimensional given estuary can assimilate without degradation of water variable -density ground -wider flow: U.S. Geological Survey orhabitat quality. The TMDL is a function of several ground water to a pond, which in turn recharges water to the Techniques of Water Resomre investigations book 6, estuarine characteristics, including bathymetry, tidal aquifer that eventually discharges to the stream (point D) or chapter A7, 77 p. dynamics. and substrate. Also important in determiamng directly into the estuary (not shover). and (4.) the area near the TMDLs are the volumetric rates of fresh ground- and regional ground -water divide (point E) that contributes to the ground -water underfloor that passes beneath ponds and 70031'56• 70026'11" stirface-water inflows into an estuary, as well as the ueym, d dischargesdirectlyt the estuary -An additional iraveltime of and water dunes the s o 41°42'16' gro through aquhfm, Complexity is the interception ofground-water now within the because the traveltime can control subshalace recharge area by a pumped well (point F); a recharge area to a nitro anenuation. well is net part of the recharge area m the estuary. Between 2001 and 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey Two coward water bodies w Cape Cod-Bamstable Hadar (USGS) assisted MDEP and its MEP partners by and Poppanesset Bay-illtisteate the ditfrrmce in complexity delineating the physical recharge areas to the crossed in recharge areas. In the Barnstable Harbor system (fig. 4). water bodies on Cape Cod. These physical recharge -area most freshwater disdenging to the harbor system comes delineations include (t) arras contributing recharge directly from recharge az the water table. For example, water directy to coasrl water bodies. (2) alias contributing recharging a point A discharges directly into Barnstable Harbor. In some areas such as az point B, recharged water recharge to ponds and streams upgradient of the coasal P event discharges to a pond, reenters the aquifer, and eventually wafer bodies, (3J areas for which recharge is intercepted discharges to Barnstable Harbor. Walerrechatging the aquifer by pumped wens, and (4.) estimates of subsurface at pomdC is intercepted and removed from the system by a imveltims. This report describes a conceptual motel of pumped weLL in more complex cases, such as m the grouted -water Bow to fresh and saltwater bodies in a Poppanesset Bay system (fig.5), mast feshwater enters the coastal aquifer, presents recharge areas to pumped wells, estuaries as sueamflow. At point A, water recharged at the ponds, striates, and coastal water bodies on Cape Cod, water mole discharges directly to Ockway Bay. Water and shows regional patterns of traveltimes within those recharged at point B discharges to the Muhpee River and then ruharge areas. courts the estimate system as fresh surface water. At point C, recharged water discharges to Snnke Pond, reeows the Hydregeobgie Setting aquifer, and then discharges to Mathison Pond. From Mashpee Cape Cod coansts of unconsolidated glacial sediments Pond the water can (I.) leave the paid as surface -water flow aeposoted within or near the margins of ewtinantal ire shcets into the headwaters of the Mashpee River, eventually flowing during the late Pleistocene (atom 15,of c years ago). The into Popporu s t Bay, (2.) memo the aquifer, discharge to sedmems wean deposited m ice -margin environments and m Q°9� Run or Santuit River,and enter Shoestring Hay as glaciofluvial and lacustrine depositional ewirooments surface -water inflow, or (3) reenter the aquifer discharge to associated with glacial -lake deltas. Lithologies range from Snort Pond, exit the pond as surface outflow to Saannt River, coarse sand and gmvrJ to silt and clay, the sediments generally and enter Shoestring Bay W surface -water inflow. At point D, are finer grained with increasing depth and distance hem their water recharges the aquifer, flows deep into the system, Linda depmitional sources. Derailed discussions of the r�cld �PondsandsrcmLms,andeventuatyent Nantwke[Sound history and geology of Cape Cad are pions of T e Manerson W direct grotmd-water discharge. Water recharged at point E and others (1997), BrIale (1992), Oldale and others (1984), is intercepted by a pumped well and removed from the and Uchupi and others (1996). recharge urea' The coarse -grained, sandy sediments of Cape Cad compose Recharge areas to 234 coastal water bodies, 184 ponds, nod an unconfined aquifer that is the sole source of potable water 40 means an Cape Cad were delineated as pan of this for local communises. The aquifer consists of six investigation. Recharge areas also were determined far hydrologically distinct flow leases-Sagamore, Monomoy, pumped wells currently (2003) in opemdon (Walter and Nause4 (7tequesset. Pamet and Pilgina--that am separated by Wheaten' 2004, Masterson, 2004). MEP researchers are using wastal water bodies m Geshwmr stmams and weaands the results to estimate nitrogen loads to the coastal waters of (fig. 1). Recharge az the water table is The sole source of Cape Cad Generalized recharge areas to wells and fresh and Geshwater m the aquif , ground water flows away Gmn salty surface waters arc shown in figum 6. For purposes of ground -water divides that develop near The centers of the flow simplified iflustratiom recharge areas are in five groups: leases and discharges to streams and maztal water bodies. pumped wells, ponds, streams, inland estuaries, and open Grrond-watt divides are dynamic hydrologic boundaries w coastal water bodies (Cape Cod Bay, Cape Cod Canal, either side of which water flows in opposite directions. Water Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard Stands, Biuzzards Bay, and recharged near ground -water divides flows deeper in the the Atlantic Ocean). system than walarechazging the aquifercloser to discharge Most ground water on Cape Cod-69 percent-disebarges boundaries. Many ponds on Cape Cad arc flow -through ponds at the coast, 25 percent discharges to streams, and 6 percent is into which ground warm discharges m upgradient sides of the withdrawn az pumped wells (table 1). The pare"r_agge_s of pwd, and which mcharge the aquifer m aoavgradhent sides. water discharging a streams and the coast or withdrawn at 'therefore, some groand water flows Trough ponds before pumped wells varies by lens (table 1). About 25 percent of discharging to streams and the crest Also, some water is water passes through ponds before discharging' this withdrawn from wells for water supply; most of this water is percentage also varies by leas, w reflected by the size of the resumed to the aquifer as wastewaterdischarge. recharge areas shover m figure 6. Aboul450 milli a gaaoos per day (MgaUd) of water flows tuough the Cape Cod aquifer (table 1). The flux of water is Traveltimes largest in the Sagamore lens with about 60 percent of total Tmveldrne, defined here u the length of Tine far water to ground -watt Bow and is smdlesL in the Pamet lens with about travel from its recharge location at the water table to a well, 3 patent (fig. Z). Maximum water levels in the Sagamore lens paid. stream, or coastal water body, varies on Cape Cod. are nearly 70 feet above the National Geodetic Vertical nation Difietent vaveltimes between the water table and discharge rF 1929 (NGVD 29), whereas maximum water levels in the location are due to different vertical -flow regimes in the Panel lens am aloud 6 feet above NGVD 29 (fig. 1). snuffed as illustrated in figure 3. Gerund water that flows through shallow pans of the aquifer has a shorter tiaveltime to McUlodS /N MalySis discharge locations Than water dial recharges the aquifer at Gerund -watt models recently (2004) developed for Cape B>caun distances horn these locations and that flows deeper in Cod by The USGS were used to delineate coastal mchage areas the aquifer before discharging. For example, waters recharging in he regiw. Re not ground -water models were developed the aquifer a points B and E an figure 3 discharge W Euuumy 2; however, water recharging the aquifer at point B has a much fin the S ore and Monotony lenses as an f an 41 °34'32' by ground a✓� � � p shorter Dow path, and as a scout[, a shorter Imvcllime than investigafion of the water sources to pumped wells, in does water rechar'n t cooperation with the MDEP Drinking Water Program (Walter gr g a point E. Traveltimes between the water table and a coastal water bad also are affected Y and Wheal 2(q4 . These models were constructed mW the an, ) Figure S. Recharge areas to um ed wells onds and estuaries within the Po onesset ' to ds and streams. Although gm ais<hargn scot Po ground wales modeling software MODFI-OW 2000 (Harbaugh B is closes to Estuary 2 than is point C. water recharging at ea watershed. The estuaries receive most of their freshwater from surface -water inflows. and others 2000 . A regional model this[ encompasses the Y point C has a shorter mrseltime an to the estuary because Was rema®ng r m now leases-nignm, Pamet, CTregaesse4 and Ground water recharged near the coast flows through shallow parts of the aquifer and water discharges [o a stream and meld reaches Este 2 as Nauset was devil to evaluate water reand saline and to gas quickly try discharges directly to coastal water bodies. Water recharged In the central art of the surface -watt inflow. These differences in tmveltime thou r9 Y 9 P iwestigate We interactions between the Gish and salinn Para watershed discharges into streams that flow to coastal water bodies. In the upper art of water (Masterson, to M s Massachusetts with the National coPark the aquifer have important effects a e nitrogen attenuation rg PP P Service, the CCC, the Massanhtuseus Executive Office of within the aquifer, becaihse subsurface attenuation processes the watershed, recharged water flows through one or more ponds before discharging to Environmunml Affairs, and the communises of Lower Cape are time dependent. Knowledge ofgrowd-water traveltimes streams. Some water recharging the aquifer near the northern edge of the watershed cod This model was constructed with the ground -water- is critical to the assessment of nitrogen loads to consist water underflows the ponds and streams and discharges directly to the coast. Pumped wells remove some water from the watershed. 70°26'31' 70013'39° 41°44'ST i IARGE AREAS EXPLANATION TONAWBOUNDARY Tiraveltime less PUMPED WELL Barnstable Harbor ME Crack Cranberry Bags Garmus Paid HirockleyPoind W/4 dumlol:ems A RECHARGE LOCATION Bass/Lone Tree Creek Maraspin Creek Hathaway Ponds Dennis Fund oriented pond Pumped Well 0 C139SED Tel 7F Wu 1°40'13' ON I _ I I �. 4 /• I i � r 1 r a r/ • r r i , T r ` M �f E !l- f y:. f 7 - t u sariarge areas to pumped wells, ponds, and estuaries within the Barnstable Harbor watershed, which is dominated by the discharge of water from the water table GROUND -WATER RECHARGE AREAS AND TRAVELTIMES TO PUMPED WELLS, PONDS, STREAMS, AND COASTAL WATER BODIES, CAPEMASSACHUSETTS by Donald A. Walter, John P. Masterson, and Kathryn M- Hess 2004 a✓� � � p shorter Dow path, and as a scout[, a shorter Imvcllime than investigafion of the water sources to pumped wells, in does water rechar'n t cooperation with the MDEP Drinking Water Program (Walter gr g a point E. Traveltimes between the water table and a coastal water bad also are affected Y and Wheal 2(q4 . These models were constructed mW the an, ) Figure S. Recharge areas to um ed wells onds and estuaries within the Po onesset ' to ds and streams. Although gm ais<hargn scot Po ground wales modeling software MODFI-OW 2000 (Harbaugh B is closes to Estuary 2 than is point C. water recharging at ea watershed. The estuaries receive most of their freshwater from surface -water inflows. and others 2000 . A regional model this[ encompasses the Y point C has a shorter mrseltime an to the estuary because Was rema®ng r m now leases-nignm, Pamet, CTregaesse4 and Ground water recharged near the coast flows through shallow parts of the aquifer and water discharges [o a stream and meld reaches Este 2 as Nauset was devil to evaluate water reand saline and to gas quickly try discharges directly to coastal water bodies. Water recharged In the central art of the surface -watt inflow. These differences in tmveltime thou r9 Y 9 P iwestigate We interactions between the Gish and salinn Para watershed discharges into streams that flow to coastal water bodies. In the upper art of water (Masterson, to M s Massachusetts with the National coPark the aquifer have important effects a e nitrogen attenuation rg PP P Service, the CCC, the Massanhtuseus Executive Office of within the aquifer, becaihse subsurface attenuation processes the watershed, recharged water flows through one or more ponds before discharging to Environmunml Affairs, and the communises of Lower Cape are time dependent. Knowledge ofgrowd-water traveltimes streams. Some water recharging the aquifer near the northern edge of the watershed cod This model was constructed with the ground -water- is critical to the assessment of nitrogen loads to consist water underflows the ponds and streams and discharges directly to the coast. Pumped wells remove some water from the watershed. 70°26'31' 70013'39° 41°44'ST i IARGE AREAS EXPLANATION TONAWBOUNDARY Tiraveltime less PUMPED WELL Barnstable Harbor ME Crack Cranberry Bags Garmus Paid HirockleyPoind W/4 dumlol:ems A RECHARGE LOCATION Bass/Lone Tree Creek Maraspin Creek Hathaway Ponds Dennis Fund oriented pond Pumped Well 0 C139SED Tel 7F Wu 1°40'13' ON I _ I I �. 4 /• I i � r 1 r a r/ • r r i , T r ` M �f E !l- f y:. f 7 - t u sariarge areas to pumped wells, ponds, and estuaries within the Barnstable Harbor watershed, which is dominated by the discharge of water from the water table GROUND -WATER RECHARGE AREAS AND TRAVELTIMES TO PUMPED WELLS, PONDS, STREAMS, AND COASTAL WATER BODIES, CAPEMASSACHUSETTS by Donald A. Walter, John P. Masterson, and Kathryn M- Hess 2004 GROUND -WATER RECHARGE AREAS AND TRAVELTIMES TO PUMPED WELLS, PONDS, STREAMS, AND COASTAL WATER BODIES, CAPEMASSACHUSETTS by Donald A. Walter, John P. Masterson, and Kathryn M- Hess 2004